Kamis, 30 Mei 2013
Cover Letter and Resume
Attention To:
Department of mines
KPC Foundation
Jl. Concerned Raya No. 5
Jakarta
Dear Sir / Madam,
Having known about the vacancies advertised in the Post City, May 1, 2013, I was interested in the position of Account Executive (AE).
I am a 21 year old male, graduated from reputable university, with expertise in the English language, both written and oral, and also operates a computer. I am a hard worker, able to work in individuals and in teams.
I would gladly welcome the opportunity to have an interview with you at your convenience. I hope my skills can be one of your company's assest. Thank you for your consideration and attention.
Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum Vitae
Personality
Full
Name
: Listyaji Kusprimadiyanto
Sex
: Male
Place,
Date of Birth : Yogyakarta, 24 April 1992
Nationality
: Indonesia
Marital
status
: Single
Health
: Perfect
Height
and weight : 173 cm, 64 kg
Religion
: Moeslem
Address
: Jl.P.Panaitan
9 no 137A
Phone
: 08979100xxx
E-mail
: listyajie74@yahoo.com
Education
Formal
· Tahun 2003 Passed SDN
Nusantara , Bekasi
· Tahun 2007 Passed SMPN 1
Bekasi
· Tahun 2010 passed SMAN 72
Jakarta Utara
· Tahun 2010 – present
Gunadarma University
Jakarta,
May 14, 2013
Listyaji Kusprimadiyanto
Rabu, 01 Mei 2013
Tugas Softkill Inquary Latter
Inquary Latter
Jl. Harapan Raya No. 57
Bekasi Barat
2 December, 2011
PT. PRIMA
NUGROHO
Jl. Ahmad Yani
A7 No.43
Bekasi
Timur
Dear Sir or
Madam,
We saw your
product at International Design of Shoes Fair in Mega Bekasi on 1 December 2011
and made interested us.
Please send
types of sample, the terms and catalogue of the shoes. If the cost is low and
the types of sample are interesting, we will order your product.
We are looking
forward to receiving your reply soon.
Yours
faithfully,
Deni Soeltoni
Head of Distributor
REPLY OF INQUIRY
LETTER
PT. PRIMA
Jl. Ahmad Yani Blok
A7 No.43
Bekasi Timur
4 December, 2011
PT. ABDURAHMAN PERSADA
Jl. Harapan Raya No. 57
Kab.Bekasi
Dear Mr Deni Soeltoni,
We thank you for you inquiry of 2 December, 2011. As
requested, we enclose our illustrated catalogue which gives complete details of
our shoes, together with the prices and the models.
We expect that our catalogue, prices, and the terms give all
information requested.
We are looking forward to receiving your order soon.
Yours sincerely,
Yudha
Pradipta
Chief Manager
Rabu, 27 Maret 2013
Tugas Softkill B.Inggris Bsnis 2
Nama : Listayaji K
NPM : 24210053
Kelas : 3 EB23
Promotion is a
marketer in the business of informing and influencing other people or parties
that are interested in doing the transaction or exchange of goods or services
marketed.
Promotion is all about communication. Why because the promotion is the way the business makes its products to its customers, both current and primary purpose potential.The of the promotion is to ensure that customers are aware of the existence and positioning products. Promotion is also used to persuade customers that the product is better than competing products and to remind customers about why they might want to buy.
It is a common mistake to believe that the promotion of the business is all about advertising. It is not. There are various approaches that businesses can do to get their message across to customers, even though advertising is certainly an important one. It is important to understand that businesses will use more than one method of promotion. A variety of promotional methods used is referred to as the promotional mix.
There are four types of promotional activities, among others: (Kotler, 2001:98-100)
1.Periklanan (Advertising), a form of non-personal promotion by using a variety of media aimed to stimulate purchases.
2.Penjualan Face to Face (Personal Selling), which is a personal form of promotion by an oral presentation in a conversation with a prospective buyer who intended to stimulate purchases.
3.Publisitas (Publisity), a form of non-personal promotion of the service, or a particular business entity with the way this information / news about it (mostly scientific).
4.Promosi Sales (sales promotion), which is a form of promotion beyond the three forms above are intended to stimulate purchases.
5.Pemasaran Direct (direct marketing), a form of personal selling directly intended to influence consumer purchases.
Promotional purposes include:
1. Disseminating product information to potential target markets
2. To get higher sales and profit / earnings
3. To get new customers and maintain customer loyalty
4. To maintain stability in the event of sluggish sales market
5. Differentiate and favor products than competitors' products
6. Forming the product image in the eyes of consumers as desired.
7. Changing the attitudes and opinions of consumers
The main tool is a sales promotion piece ("sales"), the distribution of samples and coupons, organizing sweepstakes and contests, special store displays, and offering premiums and rebates. All of these techniques require some kind of communication. So sales promotion and advertising are difficult to distinguish.
1. Appearance:
One important goal of this campaign is the promotion must be able to provide a number of potential buyers almost no bearing or intended target, so the company had to choose which ones can be achieved by the target buyer. In order to consider this appearance the following steps:
- Determining the prospective buyers in the target or targets.
- Determine the number of prospective buyers intended.
- Selecting the most appropriate media to reach potential buyers.
2. Attention:
Promotion should be able to attract the attention of consumers ateu prospective buyers to go, but it is often very difficult to attract the attention of prospective purchasers of our promotions do cause so much promotion done by other companies, so that the attention of prospective buyers not only focused on the campaign undertaken by the company which includes a number Another edvertensi, sales promotion and other promotional efforts. So the company faces the problem of how to keep the campaign by other companies.
How that can be done to attract the attention of prospective buyers such as providing a link to a specific event, the use of people who are already popular in the eyes of the reklamenya, highlight what is more a privilege of products that are not found in other products, and so on.
3. Understanding:
Other promotional purposes to promote the understanding reached on the prospective buyers interpreted the message reached him. Prospective buyers often can not understand the promotion are not well planned or can attract attention, sometimes a change of media used can cause the message is not clear that the use of media change we should also involve whether the required changes to the message. Thus, companies must be sure that the message was clearly conveyed through the media and to attract attention, because many companies promoting various products, many potential buyers are interested, remember and understand some of the many promotional campaigns that exist.
4. Attitude Change:
After the promotion can be understood by potential buyers, the company expects a response from prospective buyers of the campaign. Each company must adapt to the promotion of their products to potential buyers can change the attitude of the target, such as a change order to divert the buyer purchases from another company's products to the products produced by the company company.Many use advertising to change the attitudes of prospective buyers to project, it may not always caused most buyers to purchase direct.
5. Action:
In accordance with the ultimate goals of the campaign is to improve the company's results through increased sales results, the most important goal of the campaign is to induce action from prospective buyers of the target, because it indicates the success or failure of the campaign.
Consumer-Market Sales Promotion Techniques
1.Coupons (coupon)
The certificate entitles the holder to receive the price reduction was printed for the purchase of certain products. Coupons can be sent, included or attached to the product, or tucked preformance ads in magazines and newspapers. Coupons to be effective should be about providing savings of 15% to 20%
2.Price-off Deals
Providing discounted purchase price on the spot, usually discounts ranging from 10% -25%.
3.Premium and advertising specialties
Items offered at a relatively low cost or free as an incentive to buy a particular product. The premium package came with the product or on the packaging. Packaging itself, if it is a container that can be reused to serve as a premium. For example, promoting the lux soap slipped the diamond ring in the box.
advertising specialties possessed three key elements, namely: a message, place on a useful item, and given to consumers with no obligation. For example calendars, t-shirts, coffee mugs, baseball caps, pens and computer mose pad.
4.Contest and Sweepstakes (Contests and Sweepstakes)
The prize is the offer the opportunity to win cash, trips or for goods to buy something. There are also some jingle contest on Constructing a product.
5.Sampling and trial offers (giving examples of products)
Free quote for a product or service. Samples can be sent from house to house, mailed, taken at the store, is included in another product or on display in an advertisement offer. Providing sample is the most effective and least costly to introduce a new product.
6 techniques used in Å“samplingâ â € €?
a.In-store sampling
The commonly used for food products and cosmetics.
b.Door-to-door sampling
This technique is quite expensive because of the cost of labor, but it can be effective if the marketer has location information corresponding to the segmentation and the targets to be achieved in a certain geographic area.
c.Mail sampling
Sending samples via mail. Once again, the company must know the postal code of the area that can be targeted. It could also be an alternative postal services of the distribution of door-to-door.
d.Newspaper sampling
The technique popular in recent years and almost 42% of consumers reported receiving Å“sampleâ â € €?
E.ON-Package sampling
Technique where ⠀ œsample⠀? pasted on the packaging of goods other products, it is useful to ⠀ œBrands Targeted⠀ œ example: Purchase Prize Rinso Molto Softener small package. Purchase prizes Pantene shampoo Pantene conditioner.
f.Mobile sampling
Bring out the logo to decorate malls, recreational areas, fairs and shopping malls.
6.Brand (Product) placement
One technique of the sales promotion to reach the market by entering the product on a television show or movie.
Example: British agent 007, James Bond, Aston Martin sports car replaces the New BMW Z3, a brand placement in the movie golden eye so that the campaign produced 6000 BMW Z3 orders for the type.
7.Rebates (Rabat / offer cash refund)
Provide a price reduction after purchase took place and bukab the retailer. Consumers send ⠀ œbukti pembelian⠀? specific to the manufacturer.
Known in the offer of consumer goods as ⠀ œbeli three, get one gratis⠀?.
8.Frequency (Continuity) programs
This is one of the techniques â € Å“sales promotiona €? are popular among consumers. Frequency programs, also lead to ongoing programs, such as offering customers discounts or free gifts products to achieve a repeat in the purchase or subscription of the same brand or company.
9.Event Sponsorship
When a company sponsors an event, such as a car racing game, a concert or a charity event, it makes the brand very highlighted at the event so make brand credibility increases with the audience at the event tersebut.Contoh: Bank sponsored the event to share with aceh, Wishmilak held international Tennis match in Bali.
Promotion is all about communication. Why because the promotion is the way the business makes its products to its customers, both current and primary purpose potential.The of the promotion is to ensure that customers are aware of the existence and positioning products. Promotion is also used to persuade customers that the product is better than competing products and to remind customers about why they might want to buy.
It is a common mistake to believe that the promotion of the business is all about advertising. It is not. There are various approaches that businesses can do to get their message across to customers, even though advertising is certainly an important one. It is important to understand that businesses will use more than one method of promotion. A variety of promotional methods used is referred to as the promotional mix.
There are four types of promotional activities, among others: (Kotler, 2001:98-100)
1.Periklanan (Advertising), a form of non-personal promotion by using a variety of media aimed to stimulate purchases.
2.Penjualan Face to Face (Personal Selling), which is a personal form of promotion by an oral presentation in a conversation with a prospective buyer who intended to stimulate purchases.
3.Publisitas (Publisity), a form of non-personal promotion of the service, or a particular business entity with the way this information / news about it (mostly scientific).
4.Promosi Sales (sales promotion), which is a form of promotion beyond the three forms above are intended to stimulate purchases.
5.Pemasaran Direct (direct marketing), a form of personal selling directly intended to influence consumer purchases.
Promotional purposes include:
1. Disseminating product information to potential target markets
2. To get higher sales and profit / earnings
3. To get new customers and maintain customer loyalty
4. To maintain stability in the event of sluggish sales market
5. Differentiate and favor products than competitors' products
6. Forming the product image in the eyes of consumers as desired.
7. Changing the attitudes and opinions of consumers
The main tool is a sales promotion piece ("sales"), the distribution of samples and coupons, organizing sweepstakes and contests, special store displays, and offering premiums and rebates. All of these techniques require some kind of communication. So sales promotion and advertising are difficult to distinguish.
1. Appearance:
One important goal of this campaign is the promotion must be able to provide a number of potential buyers almost no bearing or intended target, so the company had to choose which ones can be achieved by the target buyer. In order to consider this appearance the following steps:
- Determining the prospective buyers in the target or targets.
- Determine the number of prospective buyers intended.
- Selecting the most appropriate media to reach potential buyers.
2. Attention:
Promotion should be able to attract the attention of consumers ateu prospective buyers to go, but it is often very difficult to attract the attention of prospective purchasers of our promotions do cause so much promotion done by other companies, so that the attention of prospective buyers not only focused on the campaign undertaken by the company which includes a number Another edvertensi, sales promotion and other promotional efforts. So the company faces the problem of how to keep the campaign by other companies.
How that can be done to attract the attention of prospective buyers such as providing a link to a specific event, the use of people who are already popular in the eyes of the reklamenya, highlight what is more a privilege of products that are not found in other products, and so on.
3. Understanding:
Other promotional purposes to promote the understanding reached on the prospective buyers interpreted the message reached him. Prospective buyers often can not understand the promotion are not well planned or can attract attention, sometimes a change of media used can cause the message is not clear that the use of media change we should also involve whether the required changes to the message. Thus, companies must be sure that the message was clearly conveyed through the media and to attract attention, because many companies promoting various products, many potential buyers are interested, remember and understand some of the many promotional campaigns that exist.
4. Attitude Change:
After the promotion can be understood by potential buyers, the company expects a response from prospective buyers of the campaign. Each company must adapt to the promotion of their products to potential buyers can change the attitude of the target, such as a change order to divert the buyer purchases from another company's products to the products produced by the company company.Many use advertising to change the attitudes of prospective buyers to project, it may not always caused most buyers to purchase direct.
5. Action:
In accordance with the ultimate goals of the campaign is to improve the company's results through increased sales results, the most important goal of the campaign is to induce action from prospective buyers of the target, because it indicates the success or failure of the campaign.
Consumer-Market Sales Promotion Techniques
1.Coupons (coupon)
The certificate entitles the holder to receive the price reduction was printed for the purchase of certain products. Coupons can be sent, included or attached to the product, or tucked preformance ads in magazines and newspapers. Coupons to be effective should be about providing savings of 15% to 20%
2.Price-off Deals
Providing discounted purchase price on the spot, usually discounts ranging from 10% -25%.
3.Premium and advertising specialties
Items offered at a relatively low cost or free as an incentive to buy a particular product. The premium package came with the product or on the packaging. Packaging itself, if it is a container that can be reused to serve as a premium. For example, promoting the lux soap slipped the diamond ring in the box.
advertising specialties possessed three key elements, namely: a message, place on a useful item, and given to consumers with no obligation. For example calendars, t-shirts, coffee mugs, baseball caps, pens and computer mose pad.
4.Contest and Sweepstakes (Contests and Sweepstakes)
The prize is the offer the opportunity to win cash, trips or for goods to buy something. There are also some jingle contest on Constructing a product.
5.Sampling and trial offers (giving examples of products)
Free quote for a product or service. Samples can be sent from house to house, mailed, taken at the store, is included in another product or on display in an advertisement offer. Providing sample is the most effective and least costly to introduce a new product.
6 techniques used in Å“samplingâ â € €?
a.In-store sampling
The commonly used for food products and cosmetics.
b.Door-to-door sampling
This technique is quite expensive because of the cost of labor, but it can be effective if the marketer has location information corresponding to the segmentation and the targets to be achieved in a certain geographic area.
c.Mail sampling
Sending samples via mail. Once again, the company must know the postal code of the area that can be targeted. It could also be an alternative postal services of the distribution of door-to-door.
d.Newspaper sampling
The technique popular in recent years and almost 42% of consumers reported receiving Å“sampleâ â € €?
E.ON-Package sampling
Technique where ⠀ œsample⠀? pasted on the packaging of goods other products, it is useful to ⠀ œBrands Targeted⠀ œ example: Purchase Prize Rinso Molto Softener small package. Purchase prizes Pantene shampoo Pantene conditioner.
f.Mobile sampling
Bring out the logo to decorate malls, recreational areas, fairs and shopping malls.
6.Brand (Product) placement
One technique of the sales promotion to reach the market by entering the product on a television show or movie.
Example: British agent 007, James Bond, Aston Martin sports car replaces the New BMW Z3, a brand placement in the movie golden eye so that the campaign produced 6000 BMW Z3 orders for the type.
7.Rebates (Rabat / offer cash refund)
Provide a price reduction after purchase took place and bukab the retailer. Consumers send ⠀ œbukti pembelian⠀? specific to the manufacturer.
Known in the offer of consumer goods as ⠀ œbeli three, get one gratis⠀?.
8.Frequency (Continuity) programs
This is one of the techniques â € Å“sales promotiona €? are popular among consumers. Frequency programs, also lead to ongoing programs, such as offering customers discounts or free gifts products to achieve a repeat in the purchase or subscription of the same brand or company.
9.Event Sponsorship
When a company sponsors an event, such as a car racing game, a concert or a charity event, it makes the brand very highlighted at the event so make brand credibility increases with the audience at the event tersebut.Contoh: Bank sponsored the event to share with aceh, Wishmilak held international Tennis match in Bali.
Simple Present
- Promotion is a marketer in the business of
informing and influencing other people
- Promotion is also used to persuade customers
- There
are various approaches that businesses can do to get their message across
to customers
- The main tool is a sales promotion piece
("sales"), the distribution of samples and coupons, organizing
sweepstakes and contests, special store displays, and offering premiums
and rebates
- One important goal of this campaign is the
promotion must be able to provide a number of potential buyers almost no
bearing or intended target,
- Promotion should be able to attract the
attention of consumers
- So the company faces the problem of how to
keep the campaign by other companies.
- Other promotional purposes to promote
- In accordance with the ultimate goals of the
campaign is to improve the company's results
- One technique of the sales promotion to reach
the market by entering the product on a television show or movie.
- This is one of the techniques ⠀ œsales
promotiona €? are popular among consumers
- This is one of the techniques ⠀ œsales
promotiona €? are popular among consumers
Simple Past
1.
A
variety of promotional methods used is referred to as the promotional mix.
2.
The
certificate entitles the holder to receive the price reduction was printed for
the purchase
3.
Coupons
can be sent, included or attached to the product
4.
Providing
discounted purchase price on the spot,
5.
Items
offered at a relatively low cost or free
6.
Samples
can be sent from house to house, mailed, taken at the store, is included in
another product or on display in an advertisement offer
7.
Once
again, the company must know the postal code of the area that can be targeted
8.
It is
a common mistake to believe that the promotion of the business is all about
advertising
9.
All
of these techniques require some kind of communication.
10.
Many
use advertising to change the attitudes of prospective buyers to project, it
may not always caused most buyers to purchase direct.
Minggu, 06 Januari 2013
Pengertian Karya ilmiah, Karangan ilmiah, Tulisan ilmiah, Laporan ilmiah
Pengertian
Karya Ilmiah
Suatu karangan atau
tulisan yang diperoleh sesuai dengan sifat keilmuannya dan didasari oleh hasil
pengamatan, peninjauan, penelitian dalam bidang tertentu, disusun menurut
metode tertentu dengan sistematika penulisan yang bersantun bahasa dan isinya
dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya/ keilmiahannya.
Ciri-Ciri Karya Ilmiah
1. Struktur Sajian
2. Komponen dan
Substansi
3. Sikap Penulis
4. Penggunaan Bahasa
Bahasa yang digunakan
dalam karya ilmiah adalah bahasa baku yang tercermin dari pilihan kata /
istilah, dan kalimat-kalimat yang efektif dengan struktur yang baku.
Karangan
Ilmiah
Suatu karangan atau
tulisan yang diperoleh sesuai dengan sifat keilmuannya dan didasari oleh hasil
pengamatan, peninjauan, penelitian dalam bidang tertentu, disusun menurut
metode tertentu dengan sistematika penulisan yang bersantun bahasa dan isinya
dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya/ keilmiahannya.
Jenis – jenis Karya
Ilmiah
Adapun jenis – jenis
karya ilmiah, yaitu :
a. Skripsi adalah karya
tulis (ilmiah) mahasiswa untuk melengkapi syarat mendapatkan gelar sarjana
(S1). Skripsi ditulis berdasarkan pendapat (teori) orang lain. Pendapat
tersebut didukung data dan fakta empiris-objektif, baik berdasarkan penelitian
langsung; observasi lapanagn atau penelitian di laboratorium, atau studi
kepustakaan. Skripsi menuntut kecermatan metodologis hingga menggaransi ke arah
sumbangan material berupa penemuan baru.
b. Tesis
Tesis adalah jenis
karya ilmiah yang bobot ilmiahnya lebih dalam dan tajam dibandingkan skripsi.
Ditulis untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan pascasarjana. Dalam penulisannya
dituntut kemampuan dalam menggunakan istilah tehnis; dari istilah sampai tabel,
dari abstrak sampai bibliografi. Artinya, kemampuan mandiri —sekalipun dipandu
dosen pembimbing— menjadi hal sangat mendasar. Sekalipun pada dasarnya sama
dengan skripsi, tesis lebih dalam, tajam, dan dilakukan mandiri.
c. Disertasi
Disertasi ditulis
berdasarkan penemuan (keilmuan) orisinil dimana penulis mengemukan dalil yang
dibuktikan berdasarkan data dan fakta valid dengan analisis terinci. Disertasi
memuat penemuan-penemuan baru, pandangan baru yang filosofis, tehnik atau
metode baru tentang sesuatu sebagai cerminan pengembangan ilmu yang dikaji
dalam taraf yang tinggi.
Tujuan karangan ilmiah;
1. Sebagai wahana melatih mengungkapkan
pemikiran atau hasil penelitiannya dalam bentuk tulisan ilmiah yang sistematis
dan metodologis.
2. Menumbuhkan etos ilmiah di kalangan
mahasiswa, sehingga tidak hanya menjadi konsumen ilmu pengetahuan, tetapi juga
mampu menjadi penghasil (produsen) pemikiran dan karya tulis dalam bidang ilmu
pengetahuan, terutama setelah penyelesaian studinya.
3. Karya ilmiah yang telah ditulis itu
diharapkan menjadi wahana transformasi pengetahuan antara sekolah dengan
masyarakat, atau orang-orang yang berminat membacanya.
4. Membuktikan potensi dan wawasan ilmiah
yang dimiliki mahasiswa dalam menghadapi dan menyelesaikan masalah dalam bentuk
karya ilmiah setelah yang bersangkutan memperoleh pengetahuan dan pendidikan
dari jurusannya.
5. Melatih keterampilan dasar untuk
melakukan penelitian.
Syarat
Karangan Ilmiah
Suatu karangan dari hasil
penelitian, pengamatan, ataupun peninjauan dikatakan ilmiah jika memenuhi
syarat sebagai berikut :
1.
penulisannya berdasarkan hasil
penelitian;
2.
pembahasan masalahnya objektif
sesuai dengan fakta;
3.
karangan itu mengandung masalah yang
sedang dicari pemecahannya;
4.
baik dalam penyajian maupun dalam
pemecahan masalah digunakan metode
tertentu;
5.
bahasa yang digunakan hendaklah
benar, jelas, ringkas, dan tepat sehingga tidak terbuka kemungkinan bagi
pembaca untuk salah tafsir (dihindarkan dari penggunaan bahasa yang maknanya
bersifat konotasi/ambigu).
Penulisan Ilmiah
Penulisan Ilmiah adalah karya tulis yang disusun oleh
seorang penulis berdasarkan hasil-hasil penelitian ilmiah yang telah
dilakukannya. Dari definisi yang lain dikatakan bahwa karya ilmiah (scientific
paper) adalah laporan tertulis dan dipublikasi yang memaparkan hasil penelitian
atau pengkajian yang telah dilakukan oleh seseorang atau sebuah tim dengan
memenuhi kaidah dan etika keilmuan yang dikukuhkan dan ditaati oleh masyarakat
keilmuan.
Tujuan penulisan imiah adalah memberikan pemahaman agar
dapat berfikir secara logis dan ilmiah dalam mengurangi dan membahas suatu
permasalahan serta dapat menuangkan secara sistematis dan terstruktur
Prinsip dalam membuat penulisan Ilmiah
Suatu penulisan ilmiah harus memenuhi dan menggunakan
pendekatan atau metode ilmiah,suatupenulisan ilmiah mencangkup beberapa tahap :
1. pemilihan
objek atau masalah
2. pengumpulan
infomasi
3. pengorganisasian
naskah
4. penulisan
naskah
Laporan Ilmiah
Laporan ialah suatu
wahana penyampaian berita, informasi, pengetahuan, atau gagasan dari seseorang
kepada orang lain. Laporan ini dapat berbentuk lisan dan dapat berbentuk
tulisan. Laporan yang disampaikan secara tertulis merupakan suatu karangan.
Macam-macam Laporan Ilmiah
Ada 3 macam laporan ilmiah,
yakni :
a. Laporan Lengkap
(Monograf).
1) Menjelaskan proses
penelitian secara menyeluruh.
2) Teknik penyajian sesuai
dengan aturan (kesepakatan) golongan profesi dalam bidang ilmu yang
bersangkutan.
3) Menjelaskan hal-hal yang
sebenarnya yang terjadi pada setiap tingkat analisis.
4) Menjelaskan (juga)
kegagalan yang dialami,di samping keberhasilan yang dicapai.
5) Organisasi laporan harus
disusun secara sistamatis (misalnya :judul bab,subbab dan seterusnya,haruslah
padat dan jelas).
b. Artikel Ilmiah
1) Artikel ilmiah biasanya
merupakan perasan dari laporan lengkap.
2) Isi artikel ilmiah harus
difokuskan kepada masalah penelitian tunggal yang obyektif.
3) Artikel ilmiah merupakan
pemantapan informasi tentang materi-materi yang terdapat dalam laporan lengkap.
c. Laporan Ringkas
Laporan ringkas adalah
penulisan kembali isi laporan atau artikel dalam bentuk yang lebih mudah
dimengerti dengan bahasa yang tidak terlalu teknis (untuk konsumsi masyarakat
umum).
Berikut ini adalah beberapa
hal yang harus diperhatikan tentang laporan ilmiah.
1. Kegiatan menulis laporan
ilmiah merupakan kegiatan utama terakhir dari suatu
kegiatan ilmiah.
2. Laporan ilmiah
mengemukakan permasalahan yang ditulis secara benar, jelas, terperinci, dan
ringkas.
3. Laporan ilmiah merupakan
media yang baik untuk berkomunikasi di lingkungan akademisi atau sesama
ilmuwan.
4. Laporan ilmiah merupakan
suatu dokumen tentang kegiatan ilmiah dalam memecahkan masalah secara jujur,
jelas, dan tepat tentang prosedur, alat, hasil temuan, serta implikasinya.
5. Laporan ilmiah dapat
digunakan sebagai acuan bagi ilmuwan lain sehingga syarat-syarat tulisan ilmiah
berlaku juga untuk laporan.
6. Laporan ilmiah, umumnya,
mempunyai garis besar isi (outline) yang berbeda-beda, bergantung dari bidang
yang dikaji dan pembaca laporan tersebut. Namun, umumnya, isi laporan terdiri
atas tiga bagian, yaitu pendahuluan, isi, dan penutup.
Rabu, 26 Desember 2012
Pengertian Karya dan Karangan Ilmiah
Pengertian
Karya Ilmiah
Suatu karangan atau tulisan yang diperoleh sesuai
dengan sifat keilmuannya dan didasari oleh hasil pengamatan, peninjauan,
penelitian dalam bidang tertentu, disusun menurut metode tertentu dengan
sistematika penulisan yang bersantun bahasa dan isinya dapat
dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya/ keilmiahannya.
Ciri-Ciri Karya Ilmiah
1. Struktur Sajian
Struktur sajian karya ilmiah sangat ketat, biasanya
terdiri dari bagian awal (pendahuluan), bagian inti (pokok pembahasan), dan
bagian penutup. Bagian awal merupakan pengantar ke bagian inti, sedangkan inti
merupakan sajian gagasan pokok yang ingin disampaikan yang dapat terdiri dari
beberapa bab atau subtopik. Bagian penutup merupakan kesimpulan pokok
pembahasan serta rekomendasi penulis tentang tindak lanjut gagasan tersebut.
2. Komponen dan Substansi
Komponen karya ilmiah bervariasi sesuai dengan
jenisnya, namun semua karya ilmiah mengandung pendahuluan, bagian inti,
penutup, dan daftar pustaka. Artikel ilmiah yang dimuat dalam jurnal mempersyaratkan
adanya abstrak.
3. Sikap Penulis
Sikap penulis dalam karya ilmiah adalah objektif,
yang disampaikan dengan menggunakan gaya bahasa impersonal, dengan banyak
menggunakan bentuk pasif, tanpa menggunakan kata ganti orang pertama atau
kedua.
4. Penggunaan Bahasa
Bahasa yang digunakan dalam karya ilmiah adalah
bahasa baku yang tercermin dari pilihan kata / istilah, dan kalimat-kalimat
yang efektif dengan struktur yang baku.
Pengertian
karangan ilmiah
Suatu karangan atau tulisan yang diperoleh sesuai
dengan sifat keilmuannya dan didasari oleh hasil pengamatan, peninjauan,
penelitian dalam bidang tertentu, disusun menurut metode tertentu dengan
sistematika penulisan yang bersantun bahasa dan isinya dapat
dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya/ keilmiahannya.
Jenis – jenis Karya Ilmiah
Adapun jenis – jenis karya ilmiah, yaitu :
a. Skripsi adalah karya tulis (ilmiah) mahasiswa
untuk melengkapi syarat mendapatkan gelar sarjana (S1). Skripsi ditulis
berdasarkan pendapat (teori) orang lain. Pendapat tersebut didukung data dan
fakta empiris-objektif, baik berdasarkan penelitian langsung; observasi
lapanagn atau penelitian di laboratorium, atau studi kepustakaan. Skripsi
menuntut kecermatan metodologis hingga menggaransi ke arah sumbangan material
berupa penemuan baru.
b. Tesis
Tesis adalah jenis karya ilmiah yang bobot ilmiahnya
lebih dalam dan tajam dibandingkan skripsi. Ditulis untuk menyelesaikan
pendidikan pascasarjana. Dalam penulisannya dituntut kemampuan dalam
menggunakan istilah tehnis; dari istilah sampai tabel, dari abstrak sampai
bibliografi. Artinya, kemampuan mandiri —sekalipun dipandu dosen pembimbing—
menjadi hal sangat mendasar. Sekalipun pada dasarnya sama dengan skripsi, tesis
lebih dalam, tajam, dan dilakukan mandiri.
c. Disertasi
Disertasi ditulis berdasarkan penemuan (keilmuan)
orisinil dimana penulis mengemukan dalil yang dibuktikan berdasarkan data dan
fakta valid dengan analisis terinci. Disertasi memuat penemuan-penemuan baru,
pandangan baru yang filosofis, tehnik atau metode baru tentang sesuatu sebagai
cerminan pengembangan ilmu yang dikaji dalam taraf yang tinggi.
Tujuan karangan ilmiah;
1. Sebagai
wahana melatih mengungkapkan pemikiran atau hasil penelitiannya dalam bentuk
tulisan ilmiah yang sistematis dan metodologis.
2. Menumbuhkan
etos ilmiah di kalangan mahasiswa, sehingga tidak hanya menjadi konsumen ilmu
pengetahuan, tetapi juga mampu menjadi penghasil (produsen) pemikiran dan karya
tulis dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan, terutama setelah penyelesaian studinya.
3. Karya
ilmiah yang telah ditulis itu diharapkan menjadi wahana transformasi
pengetahuan antara sekolah dengan masyarakat, atau orang-orang yang berminat
membacanya.
4. Membuktikan
potensi dan wawasan ilmiah yang dimiliki mahasiswa dalam menghadapi dan
menyelesaikan masalah dalam bentuk karya ilmiah setelah yang bersangkutan
memperoleh pengetahuan dan pendidikan dari jurusannya.
5. Melatih
keterampilan dasar untuk melakukan penelitian.
Syarat Karangan Ilmiah
Suatu karangan dari hasil
penelitian, pengamatan, ataupun peninjauan dikatakan ilmiah jika memenuhi
syarat sebagai berikut :
1.
penulisannya berdasarkan hasil
penelitian;
2.
pembahasan masalahnya objektif
sesuai dengan fakta;
3.
karangan itu mengandung masalah yang
sedang dicari pemecahannya;
4.
baik dalam penyajian maupun dalam
pemecahan masalah digunakan metode
tertentu;
5.
bahasa yang digunakan hendaklah
benar, jelas, ringkas, dan tepat sehingga tidak terbuka kemungkinan bagi
pembaca untuk salah tafsir (dihindarkan dari penggunaan bahasa yang maknanya
bersifat konotasi/ambigu).
Penalaran Induktif
Pengertian Penalaran
Penalaran merupakan suatu proses berpikir yang bertolak dari
pengamatan indera (pengamatan empirik) yang menghasilkan sejumlah konsep dan
pengertian. Berdasarkan pengamatan yang sejenis juga akan terbentuk proporsisi
– proposisi yang sejenis, berdasarkan sejumlah proposisi yang diketahui atau
dianggap benar, beberapa orang menyimpulkan sebuah proposisi baru yang
sebelumnya tidak diketahui. Proses inilah yang disebut menalar.
Dalam penalaran, proposisi yang dijadikan dasar penyimpulan
disebut dengan premis (antesedens) dan hasil kesimpulannya disebut dengan
konklusi (consequence). Dalam metodenya penalaran dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu
penalaran deduktif dan induktif. Namun pada pembahasan kali ini penulis hanya
akan membahas tentang penalaran induktif.
PENALARAN INDUKTIF
Penalaran induktif adalah penalaran yang mengambil
contoh-contoh khusus yang khas untuk kemudian diambil kesimpulan yang lebih
umum. Penalaran ini memudahkan untuk memetakan suatu masalah sehingga dapat
dipakai dalam masalah lain yang serupa. Catatan bagaimana penalaran induktif
ini bekerja adalah, meski premis-premis yang diangkat benar dan cara penarikan
kesimpulannya sah, kesimpulannya belum tentu benar.
Contoh
penalaran induktif :
Harimau berdaun telinga berkembang
biak dapat melahirkan. Babi berddaun telinga berkembang biak dengan melahirkan.
Ikan paus berdaun telinga berkembang biak dengan melahirkan
Kesimpulann:
Semua hewan yang berdaun telinga
berkembang biak dengan melahirkan
CIRI-CIRI PENALARAN
INDUKTIF :
• Terlebih dahulu menyebutkan peristiwa-peristiwa khusus
• Kemudian, menarik kesimpulan berdasarkan
peristiwa-peristiwa khusus
• Kesimpulan terdapat di akhir paragraf
• Menemukan Kalimat Utama, Gagasan Utama, Kalimat Penjelas
• Kalimat utama paragraf induktif terletak di akhir
paragraph
• Gagasan Utama terdapat pada kalimat utama
• Kalimat penjelas terletak sebelum kalimat utama, yakni
yang mengungkapkan peristiwa-peristiwa khusus
• Kalimat penjelas merupakan kalimat yang mendukung gagasa
utama
Penalaran Induktif terbagi menjadi beberapa bentuk, yaitu:
-
Generalisasi
Adalah suatu penalaran yang menggunakan sifat tertentu dalam
membuat suatu pernyataan yang sifatnya tertentu sehingga dapat menghasilkan
suatu kesimpulan yang bersifat umum.
contoh : Jika
dipanaskan, Besi memuai.
Jika dipanaskan, Tembaga memuai.
Jika dipanaskan, Emas memuai.
Jadi jika dipanaskan, logam memuai.
Jika dipanaskan, Tembaga memuai.
Jika dipanaskan, Emas memuai.
Jadi jika dipanaskan, logam memuai.
-
Analogi
Proses penalaran yang bertolak dari dua peristiwa khusus
yang mirip satu sama lain dengan cara membandingkan peristiwa yang ada dengan
peristiwa sebelumnya, kemudian menyimpulkan bahwa apa yang berlaku untuk satu
hal berlaku juga untuk hal lain. Dengan kata lain penalaran analogi dapat
diartikan sebagai proses penyimpulan berdasarkan fakta atau kesamaan atau
proses membandingkan dari dua peristiwa (hal) yang berlainan berdasarkan
kesamaannya kemudian ditariklah kesimpulan dari persamaannya tersebut.
Contoh :
Chyntia adalah bintang iklan
Chyntia memiliki paras cantik
Zahwa adalah bintang iklan
Zahwa memiliki paras cantik
Oleh sebab itu, zahwa memiliki paras cantik
Chyntia adalah bintang iklan
Chyntia memiliki paras cantik
Zahwa adalah bintang iklan
Zahwa memiliki paras cantik
Oleh sebab itu, zahwa memiliki paras cantik
-
Kausal
Hubungan kausal adalah penalaran yang diperoleh dari
gejala-gejala yang saling berhubungan.
Ada tiga jenis hunbungan kausal ;
Sebab-Akibat: terlihat pada suatu penyebab yang tidak jelas
terhadap sebuah akibat yang nyata, misalnya kalau kita melihat sebiji buah
mangga jatuh dari batangnya, kita akan memperkirakan beberapa kemungkinan
penyebabnya. Mungkin mangga itu tertimpa hujan, mungkin dihempas angin, dan
mungkin pula dilempari oleh anak- anak. Pastilah salah satu kemungkinan itu
penyebabnya.
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